References

1

Survey of obstetricians' personal preference and discretionary practice by Al-Mufti R, McCarthy A, Fisk NM from Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, London, UK. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

2

Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV Infection in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy by C Thorne and the European Collaborative Study from Clinical Infectious Diseases 40(3): 458-465. February 1, 2005. www.hivandhepatitis.com

3

Evidence of pelvic floor nerve injury after routine vaginal birth by W. Thomas Gregory, M.D., principal investigator and assistant professor of obstetrics and gynaecology (urogynaecology and reconstructive pelvic surgery) from OHSU School of Medicine. www.news-medical.net

4

Anal incontinence after childbirth by Erica Eason, Michel Labrecque, Sylvie Marcoux and Myrto Mondor from CMAJ February 2002, 166 (3) www.cmaj.ca

5

The pelvic floor sequelae of childbirth by Sultan AH, Monga AK, Stanton SL. from Br J Hosp Med 1996; 55: 575-579. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

6

Why Spinal Anaesthesia for Caesarean Section? by Dr. John Oyston MB BS, FFARCS. www.oyston.com

7

Antibiotic prophylaxis for caesarean section by Smaill F, Hofmeyr GJ. from The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2005. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. www.cochrane.org

8

How do I hold thee by babycentre.co.uk www.babycentre.co.uk

9

from New Generation Digest NCT Publication March 1997.

10

Birthchoice UK - Professional by birthchoiceuk.com www.birthchoiceuk.com

11

Caesarean ops 'no help for blues' by BBC on-line news.bbc.co.uk

12

Hypnosis For Childbirth UK by David Kato PhD DHP MIAH MAPHP Cert.H from Childbirth-Bristol www.childbirth-bristol.co.uk

13

Anaesthetic injections by Birth International www.acegraphics.com.au

14

The National Sentinel Caesarean Section Audit Report by RCOG Clinical Effectiveness Support Unit October 2001 from National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence www.nice.org.uk

15

Anaesthesia for caesarean Section information booklet by UCH from 2004.

16

Wanting a caesarean Section: The decision process by J Weaver and H Statham from British Journal of Midwifery June 2005 Vol 13, No 6 www.internurse.com

17

If you're thinking of giving birth in Britain, listen to this by Rowan Pelling from The Independent On-line edition: 30 January 2005 comment.independent.co.uk

18

Anal-sphincter disruption during vaginal delivery by Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Hudson CN, Thomas JM, Bartram CI from N Engl J Med. 1993 Dec 23;329(26):1905-11 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

19

Women's role and satisfaction in the decision to have a caesarean section by Turnbull DA, Wilkinson C, Yaser A, Carty V, Svigos JM, Robinson JS from Med J Aust. 1999 Jun 21;170(12):580-3 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

20

Psychological birth trauma by Jean Robinson from AIMS Journal, Autumn 2003, Vol 15 No 3 www.aims.org.uk

21

Fear of childbirth: does counselling help? by Jean Robinson from AIMS Journal, Spring 2004, Vol 16 No 1 www.aims.org.uk

22

What every pregnant woman needs to know about caesarean section by Maternity Centre Association from Maternitywise 2004 www.maternitywise.org

23

Midwife staff crisis puts women at risk by Alastair McCall and Lois Rogers from Times Newspapers Limited Sunday Times (London)July 15, 2001 home.drfoster.co.uk

24

Cranial Osteopathy for Babies and Children from cranial.org www.cranial.org.uk

25

When can I exercise after a caesarean? by Gillian Fletcher, M.C.S.P. from Babycentre.co.uk www.babycentre.co.uk

26

Graphs Of Historical Caesarean Section Rates from Birthchoiceuk.com www.birthchoiceuk.com

27

CG13 Caesarean section - NICE guideline by National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence - April 2004 www.nice.org.uk

28

Huge rise in Caesarean births by BBC on-line Friday, 26 October, 2001 BBC On-line news.bbc.co.uk

29

Caesarean Section for Maternal Choice? Sara McAleese Association of radical Midwives www.radmid.demon.co.uk

30

The Active Birth Centre by Janet Balakas from activebirthcentre.com www.activebirthcentre.com

31

Forceps delivery from birthinternational.com www.birthinternational.com

32

Ventouse (vacuum extraction) from birthinternational.com www.birthinternational.com

33

NCT National Childbirth Trust on-line www.nctpregnancyandbabycare.com

34

What is Normal Birth? by Beverley Lawrence Beech from AIMS Journal, Winter 2002/3, Vol 13 No 4. www.aims.org.uk

35

Consent and caesarean section by M. Dass from Current Obstetrics & Gynaecology (2005) 15, 60-64. www.northglashealthinfo.org.uk

36

Elective Caesarean Section - A Woman's Right to Choose? by Sara Paterson - Brown from Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology-14, Year-2000, Pg.202. bmj.bmjjournals.com

37

Early caesareans linked to baby breathing illness by Dearbhail McDonald from The Sunday Times, Ireland, July 10th 2005 www.timesonline.co.uk

38

Placenta Accreta from geocities.com www.geocities.com/cutebootee

39

Prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated risk factors in a cohort of nuns by Buchsbaum GM, Chin M, Glantz C, Guzick D. Bewley S, Cockburn J II from Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:226-9. 12. www.greenjournal.org

40

Caesarean section for non-medical reasons at term by T Lavender, GJ Hofmeyr, JP Neilson, G Gyte from The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2004, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004660. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004660.

41

Obstetricians say yes to maternal request for caesarean section: a survey of current opinion Cotzias CS, Paterson-Brown S, Fisk NM from Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2001 Jul;97(1):15-6. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

42

Obstetric intervention rates by mothers age and parity by Macfarlane A, Mugford M, Henderson J, Furtado A, Stevens J, Dunn A. Quoted in the National Sentinel Caesarean Audit. 14

43

NHS Maternity Statistics, England:1995-96 to 1997-98, Bulletin 2001/14 by Kenney N, Macfarlane A from Government Statistical Service, London: Department of Health 2001 quoted in RCOG. 14

44

Birth order, gestational age, and risk of delivery related perinatal death in twins: retrospective cohort study from BMJ Volume 325, pp 1004-6. www.scienceblog.com

45

Caesarean Section - A Woman's Right to Choose? by Sara Paterson-Brown from Elective Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology-14, Year-2000, Pg.202.

46

A question of delivery by Thomas J, Paranjothy S. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Clinical Effectiveness Support Unit from The National Sentinel Caesarean Section Audit Report. London: RCOG Press, 2001. www.healthmatters.org.uk

47

Determinants of the increasing caesarean birth rate by Anderson GM, Lomas J. from Ontario data 1979 to 1982. N Engl J Med 1984;311:887-92. content.nejm.org

48

Medically Unnecessary caesarean section births: introduction to a symposium by Sakala C. from Soc Sci Med 1993;37:1177-98. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

49

Birthrate Plus : A Framework for Workforce Planning and Decision Making for Midwifery Services by Ball JA, Washbrook M. from Hale, Cheshire: Books for Midwives Press; 1996. www.intl.elsevierhealth.com

50

Differences between obstetricians in caesarean section rate and the management of labour by Guillemette J, Fraser WD. from Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;99:105-8. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

51

Effects of obstetrician characteristics on caesarean delivery rates by Poma PA. from A community hospital experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;180:1364-72. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

52

Physician gender and caesarean sections by Mitler LK, Rizzo JA, Horwitz SM. from J Clin Epidemiol 2000; 53:1030-5.

53

Obesity as a risk factor for caesarean in a low-risk population by Kaiser PS, Kirby RS. from Obstet Gynecol 2001;97:39-43. www.greenjournal.org

54

The Preterm Prediction Study: association of cesarean delivery with increases in maternal weight and body mass index by Brost BC, Goldenberg RL, Mercer BM, Iams JD, Meis PJ, Moawad AH, et al. from Am J Obstet Gynecol 1997;177:333-7. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

55

Should doctors perform an elective caesarean section on request? by Sara Paterson-Brown, consultant in obstetrics and gynaecology

56

A study of choice and decision making in caesarean section Grant holders by Jane Weaver (Research Associate), Helen Statham (Deputy Director) & Martin Richards (Director) Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge from Nuffield Study Report 7th September 1999 - 6th September 2002 www.sps.cam.ac.uk

57

A question of delivery by Alison Macfarlane from Healthmatters www.healthmatters.org.uk

58

The Caesarean and VBAC Information Organisation by Gina Lowdon and Debbie Chippington Derrick provides some information about caesarean and VBAC births www.caesarean.org.uk

59

Risk of Uterine Rupture during Labor among Women with a Prior Cesarean Delivery by Mona Lydon-Rochelle, Holt, Victoria L., Easterling, Thomas R., Martin, Diane P. from New England Journal of Medicine, Vl 345, No. 1, July 5, 2001. content.nejm.org

60

Continuous Electronic Monitoring from www.nctpregnancyandbabycare.com

61

Caesarean myths exploded by Debbie Chippington Derrick and Gina Lowdon from The Caesarean and VBAC Information Organisation website www.chippington.dabsol.co.uk

62

Junk medicine: Caesarean sections - not the unkindest cut by Mark Henderson from The Times, 6th August 2005. www.timesonline.co.uk

63

The New Contented Baby Book by Gina Ford. Publisher Vermillion 2002 (Pages 31-32)

64

Giving Birth to Twins - Caesarean and Vaginal Births by www.twinsuk.co.uk

65

Effect of birth interval on the rate of cesarean section for the second twin after vaginal delivery of the first twin by Queck M, Berle P. Zentralbatt fur Gynakol 1993;115(8):366-9

66

Cesarean delivery is associated with an increased risk of childhood asthma hospitalization in premature infants by www.news-medical.net

67

Neonatal respiratory morbidity at term and the risk of childhood asthma by G C S Smith, A M Wood, I R White, J P Pell, A D Cameron and R Dobbie Archives of Disease in Childhood 2004; 89:956-960 adc.bmjjournals.com

68

Caesarean section and risk of asthma and allergy in adulthood by Baizhuang Xu, M.D., Ph.D. et al Journal of Allergy Clinical Immunology 2001 Apr;107(4):732-3 www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

69

Mode of delivery is not associated with asthma or atopy in childhood by Maitra A, Sherriff A, Strachan D, ALSPAC Study Team, Henderson J. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2004; 34: 1349-1355

70

Comments on the Concomitant Epidemics of Cesareans and Childhood Asthma by Michel Odent, M.D. Primal Health www.birthpsychology.com

71

Cesarean Delivery and Food Allergies by Alan Greene MD FAAP www.drgreene.com

72

Caesarean section babies may have more allergies and diarrhoea www.medicalnewstoday.com

73

Fast Facts About Yogurt And Beneficial Bacteria by Alan Greene MD FAAP www.drgreene.com

74

VBAC leaflet published by Guy's and St Thomas' hospitals Jan 2003

75

Mothers Report Cesarean Views and Experiences: New National Listening to Mothers Survey Results www.childbirthconnection.org

76

The unethics of "request" caesarean section by Bewley S, Cockburn J RCOG 2002 British Journal Obstet Gynaecol, vol 109, pg 593-596

77

Seprafilm website www.seprafilm.com

78

Peritoneal closure and adhesions by E.A. Joura, A. Nather, M. Hohlagschwandtner and P. Husslein University of Vienna, Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics humrep.oxfordjournals.org

79

Researchers find c-section procedure decreases risk of abdominal scarring by Deirdre Lyell, MD et al. Obstetrics and Gynecology news-service.stanford.edu

80

Caesareans: a Short-Lived Honeymoon, Says Study into Sexual Function Brunel University and St George's Healthcare NHS Trust www.brunel.ac.uk

81

Interpregnancy interval and risk of preterm birth and neonatal death: retrospective cohort study BMJ Volume 327, pp 313-16

82

An evaluation of midwives' counseling of pregnant women in fear of childbirth by Elsa Lena Ryding, Asa Persson , Cecilia Onell , Linda Kvist Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica Volume 82, Number 1 / January 01, 2003 taylorandfrancis.metapress.com

83

Investigation of 33 women who demanded a cesarean section for personal reasons by Ryding EL Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

84

No Clear Advice on Elective C-Sections Associated Press www.cbsnews.com

85

The Influence of Maternal Request on Elective Caesarean Section Rate by Jackson & Irvine, 1998; Wilkinson, McIlwaine, Boulton-Jones & Cole, 1998

86

Elective caesareans leaflet published by Guy's and St Thomas' hospitals May 2001

87

Caesarean section in the absence of clinical indications: The first cut is the deepest by Jeannie Douche RM, MA New Zealand College Of Midwives Journal Page 21 www.midwife.org.nz

88

Fear of pregnancy and childbirth K Hofberg and M R Ward South Staffordshire Healthcare NHS Trust, St George's Hospital, Stafford pmj.bmjjournals.com

89

Caesarean section in the absence of clinical indications: The first cut is the deepest by Jeannie Douche RM, MA New Zealand College Of Midwives Journal Page 18 www.midwife.org.nz

90

A randomised controlled trial of intervention in fear of childbirth by Saista T, Salmela-Aro K, Nurmi J-E, Kononen T, Halmesmaki E Obstet. Gynecol 2001, 98: pg 820-26

91

Posttraumatic stress disorder after childbirth: a cross sectional study by Wijma K, Soderquist J, Wijma B. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linkoping University, Sweden www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

92

Posttraumatic stress reactions after emergency cesarean section by Ryding EL, Wijma B, Wijma K. Department of Obstetrics, Central Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

93

Psychological impact of emergency cesarean section in comparison with elective cesarean section, instrumental and normal vaginal delivery by Ryding EL, Wijma K, Wijma B. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Central Hospital, Helsingborg, Sweden www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

94

Priorities and Choices General Medical Council www.gmc-uk.org

95

Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths by Department of Health 2000-2002 www.cemach.org.uk

96

Cesarean Delivery Harish M Sehdev, MD. www.emedicine.com

97

Wikipedia definition of Tokophobia en.wikipedia.org

98

Responding to fear of childbirth by S. Bewley, J. Cockburn The Lancet vol 359, June 2002, pg 2128-29 linkinghub.elsevier.com